The Armenian Massacres
of 1894-1897:
A Bibliography© George Shirinian, Revised August 15, 1999
Introduction
The large-scale and widespread massacres of the Armenian subjects of the Ottoman Empire, from Sasun in August 1894 to Tokat in February and March 1897, caused a sensation in Europe and North America. They gave rise to a flood of publications detailing numerous atrocities and expressing moral outrage. Modern scholarship, however, has tended to overlook this series of massacres and concentrate on the 1915 Armenian Genocide, owing to its very enormity. Since works on the 1894-1897 massacres are generally not as well known today as those on the subsequent Genocide, this bibliography attempts to document these publications and organize them into useful categories.
The Armenian Massacres of 1894-1897 are very complex and have been approached from various points of view. Writers have attributed their outbreak to many causes, e.g., 1. the lack of civil and human rights for the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, resulting in systemic abuse of all kinds; 2. Kurdish depredations; 3. Armenian reaction to outrageous taxation; 4. the failure of the Congress of Berlin, 1878, to properly address the Armenian Question; 5. The Congress of Berlin for even attempting to address the Armenian Question; 6. Armenian intellectuals engendering in the people a desire for independence; 7. the successful efforts of other nationalities to extricate themselves from the Ottoman Empire; 8. manipulation of the naive Armenians to rebel by the Great Powers interested in partitioning the Ottoman Empire; 9. manipulation of the European Powers by the calculating Armenians to become involved in internal Ottoman affairs on their behalf; 10. the personality of Sultan Abdul Hamid. Western writers, especially, interpret the events largely in terms of the foreign policies of the various European powers and the United States. Only to a lesser extent do they examine the events from the point of view of internal Ottoman politics or what would today be loosely termed "nationalism." The gruesome details of innumerable atrocities are not deemed appropriate to modern scholarship and so the horrors of a nation are forgotten. Some even deny the events happened the way the overwhelming evidence depicts (see Section, 8 below). Interestingly, all the facts, arguments, and interpretations found in modern studies were already public at the time of the Massacres.
An analysis of publication dates shows that European interest in the Armenian massacres waned sharply after 1896. This is due in part to European attention being diverted by the conflict between Turkey and Greece over Crete in 1896 and 1897. One result of this loss of interest is that the massacres of Sasun and Spaghank in May, 1900, Diarbekir in November, 1900, Mush and Sasun, again, in September, 1901, and Bitlis and Van in January, 1902, have been separated from those of 1894-1897, dropped from the historical record and, consequently ignored in the West to this day. The lesson of the lack of constancy on the part of the European Powers and the short historical memory of the West was not lost on Turkish rulers, as they committed massacre, yet again, at Adana in 1909, and ultimately felt confident enough to launch the Genocide in April, 1915. One is inevitably reminded here of the notorious quote of Adolph Hitler, in a speech given to his military commanders on August 22, 1939, "Who, after all, speaks today of the annihilation of the Armenians?" (See K. B. Bardakjian, Hitler and the Armenian Genocide. Cambridge, MA: Zoryan Institute, 1985, p. 1.) While this statement is generally understood to refer to the 1915 Genocide, the sentiment is equally applicable to the whole series of massacres, as well. Thus, of the 790 publications listed below, there are only 77 since the end of World War II dealing with the 1894-1897 era of the massacres, many of them works of revisionism and denial.
A special word is required to explain the inclusion of a separate section for works representing the Turkish nationalist point of view. The Turkish nationalist point of view may be defined as one which minimizes or denies entirely the massacres that were committed against Ottoman Armenians and seeks to avoid Turkish responsibility for these crimes. Proponents of this point of view have distorted and ignored material evidence and used specious arguments to mislead others with respect to facts and interpretation. By including such works in this bibliography, a balance of points of view is respected, but the reader is also alerted and cautioned about the use of this material. There is sufficient material included in the rest of this bibliography to expose these denialist works for what they are.
The material is organized into eight broad divisions, which are the result of an analysis of the subject and of the publications, themselves: 1. Background To the Massacres: The Armenian Question 1878-1894; 2. Documentary Collections; 3. Memoirs and Eye-Witness Accounts; 4. The Massacres; 5. The Policies of the Great Powers; 6. General Books and Articles from the Era of the Massacres; 7. General Modern Studies; and 8. The Turkish Nationalist Point of View. The entries within each section are arranged alphabetically, first by title, if there is no author, then by author. If an author has more than one entry in a section, the entries are arranged alphabetically by title under the author's name. Section 4 is further arranged alphabetically by geographical region. Section 5 is further arranged alphabetically by country. In a number of instances, a single item appears under more than one heading, as its subject content dictates.
There is a total of 929 entries, of which 810 are unique. Languages represented are Armenian, Bulgarian, English, French, German, Italian, Polish, Russian, Spanish, and Turkish. The transliteration of Bulgarian and Russian is based on the Library of Congress scheme with the omission of certain diacritics. The transliteration of Armenian is according to the editorial policy of the Armenian Review. The bibliographic format is based on the Chicago Manual of Style, 14th edition.
The material for this bibliography was collected from reading numerous books and articles on the subject, as well as scanning various library catalogues and indexes. Although I have attempted to make this bibliography comprehensive, some boundaries had to be set. First, I have largely excluded general studies on the history of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire and broader works on the Armenian Question that did not go in depth or give some special insight into the 1894-1897 period. Secondly, I have excluded reference to most newspaper articles; those I have included are only a small sampling of the most interesting. Newspaper coverage of the Armenian Massacres is a valuable source of information and would make a large and interesting study in its own right. Thirdly, while I have strived to verify every entry, this has not always been possible, and when there was doubt as to the accuracy or relevance of an item, I have omitted it.
Since there has not been a qualitative distinction made among these references, the quality and tone of the materials in this bibliography cover a broad range. Some works are more polemical, others are more descriptive, while yet others are more analytical. In a future, revised version of this bibliography, I hope to indicate works which are standard references or fundamental to the study of the Armenian Massacres.
Recognizing the diverse nature of publications about the Armenian Massacres of 1894-1897, including monographs, essays, periodical articles, newspaper reports, editorials, memoirs, official government correspondence, speeches, and pamphlets, from many countries and in many languages, and spanning more than a century, it would be unrealistic to call this bibliography exhaustive. There are a number of areas that I have been unable to pursue adequately, but have potential importance: yearbooks and local and compatriotic histories of Armenian communities in Turkey, usually published in Armenian; personal memoirs written in the Armenian language; the memoirs of American missionaries who worked in the Ottoman Empire during this era; the memoirs of Western diplomats; newspapers; and Armenian and Russian language periodicals. Nevertheless, it is hoped that this bibliography, which, I believe, is the first attempt at a comprehensive list of publications on the Armenian Massacres of 1894-1897, may serve as a guide to the voluminous and widely scattered information in existence, direct researchers to useful sources, elucidate which topics have been dealt with and which are awaiting adequate treatment, and, finally, encourage further study and publication on this epochal event in Armenian history.
The compiler would appreciate any additions, corrections, or comments on this bibliography.
1. Backround to the Massacres: The Armenian Question 1878-1894
"The Armenian Debate." London Spectator 67 (July 18, 1891): 85-87.
"Armenian Question." International Journal of Middle East Studies 9 (Aug. 1978): 379-400.
Les Arméniens en Turquie. Paris, 1877. (Report of the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople to the Sublime Porte.)
The Case for the Armenians. London: Anglo-Armenian Association, 1893, 54p.
"The True Danger in Armenia." London Spectator 65 (Sept. 13, 1890): 329.
"A Vanishing Treaty." London Spectator 65 (Aug. 9, 1890): 172-173.
Anderson, M.S. The Eastern Question 1774-1923: A Study in International Relations. London: Macmillan, 1966 (repr. with corrections 1968), 436p.
Apcar, S. The Armenians and the Eastern Question. London, 1878.
An Armenian. The Armenians and the Eastern Question. A Series of Letters on Armenia and the Armenians. The Text of the "Memoir" Addressed to the Cabinets of Europe. London: Stanford, 1878, 72p.
An Eastern Statesman. "The Armenian Question." Contemporary Review 37 (Apr. 1880): 533-547.
------. "Contemporary Life and Thought in Turkey." Contemporary Review 37 (Feb. 1880): 334-356.
Benjamin, S. G. W. "The Armenians and the Porte." Atlantic Monthly 67 (Apr. 1891): 524-530.
Beylerian, Arthur. "L'Imperialisme et le mouvement national arménien (1885-1890)." Relations Internationales (1975): 19-54.
------. "Les origines de la question arménien du Traité de San Stefano au Congrès de Berlin." Revue d'Histoire Diplomatique 1-2 (Jan.-June 1973): 139-171.
Bishop, Isabella L. Bird. "The Shadow of the Kurd, I." Contemporary Review 59 (May 1891): 642-654; "The Shadow of the Kurd, II," Contemporary Review 59 (June 1891): 819-835.
Careri, G. "Gli Armeni nella questione d'Oriente" (The Armenians in the Eastern Question). Società Africana d'Italia (Feb. 1884).
Castelar, E. La Question arménienne. Art. 61 du Traité de Berlin de 1878. Paris: Imp. Chaix, 1887, 49p.
Cholet, Le Comte de. Arménie, Kurdistan et Mésopotamie. Paris: Librairie Plon, 1892.
Dadrian, Vahakn N. The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus. Providence, RI, Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1995, 452p.
Diev, Gr. A. Armianskii vopros v Turtsii: Iz perepiski so stambul'skim publitsistom (The Armenian Question in Turkey: From letters exchanged with an Istanbul publicist). Moscow: Tip. D.I. Inozemtzeva, 1893, 78p.
Dillon, E. J. "The Condition of Armenia." Contemporary Review 68 (Aug. 1895): 153-189.
Driault, Édouard. La Question d'Orient depuis ses origines jusqu'à la Paix de Sèvres, 8e éd. Paris: F. Alcan, 1921, 479p.
Dubor, G. de. "La Question arménienne." La Vie Contemporaine 9 (1896).
Engelhardt, E. "L'Angleterre et la Russie à propos de la question arménienne." Revue de Droit International (1883).
------. La Turquie et le Tanzimat ou histoire des réformes dans l'Empire Ottoman. 2 Vols. Paris, 1882-1884.
Esta, [Baron] d'. Question d'Orient. l'Arménie et les Arméniens. S.l., 1877, 55p.
Geffcken, F. H. "The Eastern Question: Turkish Reforms and Armenia." Nineteenth Century 38 (1895): 991-1000.
Kharatyan, A. A. "Osmanyan graknnut`yune ev arevmtahay mamule (1870-1890-akan t`t`.)" (Ottoman censorship and the press of Western Armenia from the 1870's to the 1890's). Patma-Banasirakan Handes no. 4 (1985): 103-116.
Kirakosyan, Jon. Burzhuakan divanagitut`yune ev Hayastane (XIX dari 70-akan t`t`.) (Bourgeois diplomacy and Armenia in the 1870's). Erevan: Hayastan, 1978, 364p.
Kirakosyan, Jon. Burzhuakan divanagitut`yune ev Hayastane (XIX dari 80-akan t`t`.) (Bourgeois diplomacy and Armenia in the 1880's). Erevan: Hayastan, 1980, 456p.
Koutcharian, Gerayer. Der Siedlungsraum der Armenier unter dem Einfluss der historisch-politischen Ereignisse seit dem Berliner Kongress 1878: eine politisch-geographische Analyse und Dokumentation (The settlement area of Armenia under the influence of the historical-political event of the Congress of Berlin, 1878: A political-geographical analysis and documentation). Berlin: D. Reimer, 1989, 317p.
La Barbe. "Die Steuern im türkischen Armenien und die Ursachen der armenischen Bewegung" (Taxes in Turkish Armenia and the causes of the Armenian agitation). Neue Zeit 16 (1897): 37-46.
Lamy, T. G. "La Question arménienne." Revue Catholique (1874-1875).
Lanin, E. B. "Armenia and the Armenian People." Fortnightly Review n.s. 48, no. 284 (Aug. 1, 1890): 258-273.
Léart, Marcel. [Krikor Zohrab]. La question arménienne à la lumière des documents. Paris: Augustin Challamel, 1913, 76p.
Leclercq, Jules. "La Question arménienne." Revue Générale (Mar. 1892): 11ff.
Lynch, H. F. B. "The Armenian Question, I - In Russia." Contemporary Review 65 (June 1894): 847-865; "The Armenian Question, II - In Russia." Contemporary Review 66 (July 1894): 91-107; "The Armenian Question, III (Conclusion) - In Turkey." Contemporary Review 66 (Sept. 1894): 435-456.
Malcom, James A[ratoon]. "An Armenian's Cry for Armenia." Nineteenth Century 28, no. 161 (Oct. 1890): 640-647.
Medlicott, William Norton. The Congress of Berlin and After: A Diplomatic History of the Near Eastern Settlement, 1878-1880. 2nd Edition. London: Frank Cass, 1963, 442p. (A fundamental work on European diplomacy and the Eastern Question during this period.)
------. Bismarck, Gladstone, and the Concert of Europe. New York: Greenwood Press, 1969, 353p. (Sequal to the work above, covering 1880-1881.)
Nalbandian, Louise. The Armenian Revolutionary Movement. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1967, 247p.
Nassibian, Akaby. Britain and the Armenian Question, 1915-1923. London: Croom Helm; New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984. See Chapter 1, "Introduction: Britain and the Armenian Question on the Eve of the First World War," pp. 1-32.
Reid, James J. "War, Atrocity and Massacres, 1853-1896." Armenian Review 41, 1-161 (1988): 1-28.
Riley, Athelstan. "Christians and Kurds in Eastern Turkey." Contemporary Review 56 (Sept. 1889): 452-468.
Rolin-Jaequemyns, M. G. Armenia, the Armenians, and the Treaties. London: John Heywood, 1891, 104p.
------. "L'Arménie, les Arméniens et les traités." Revue de Droit Internationale et de Législation Comparée 19 (1887): 284-325; 21 (1889): 291-353.
Sandwith, Humphry. "How the Turks Rule Armenia." Nineteenth Century 3 (Feb. 1878): 314-329.
Sarkissian, Arshag Ohan. History of the Armenian Question to 1885. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Illinois Studies in the Social Sciences 22, nos. 3-4, 1938, 151p.
Schweiger-Lerchenfeld, Armand von. Armenien. Ein Bild seiner Natur und seiner Bewohner (Armenia. A picture of its nature and its inhabitants). Jena: Hermann Costenoble, 1878, 227p.
Sevasly, Miran. "The Armenian Question." New Review 1, 4 (Sept. 1889): 305-316.
Somakian, Manoug J. Empires in Conflict: Armenia and the Great Powers, 1895-1920. London: I.B. Tauris Publishers, 1995, 276p.
Stevenson, Francis Seymour. "The Armenian Agitation: A Rejoinder to Sadik Effendi." New Review 9 (1893): 648-654. See Sadik Effendi under Turkish Nationalist Point of View, below.
------. "The Armenian Church: Its History and Its Wrongs." New Review 9 (1893): 201-206.
Ter Minassian, Anaide. Nationalism and Socialism in the Armenian Revolutionary Movement. Translated by A.M. Berrett. Cambridge, MA: Zoryan Institute, 1984, 69p.
------. La question arménienne. Paris: Éditions Parenthèses, 1983, 239p.
Troy, P. La Question arménienne. Constantinople: Imprimerie Muhendissian, 1861, 20p.
Vardanyan, Hamo G. Arevmtahayeri azatakrut`yan harts`e ew hasarakakan-k`aghak`akan hosank`nere XIX d. verjin k`arordum (The question of Western Armenian liberation and popular-political currents during the last quarter of the 19th century). Erevan, 1967.
------. "Usilenie sotsial'nogo i politicheskogo gneta zapadnykh armian posle Berlinskogo Kongressa" (The intensification of social and political oppression of Western Armenians after the Congress of Berlin). Istoriko-Filologicheskii Zhurnal no. 3/26 (1964): 69-78..
Vaujany, H. de. État présent de la Turquie. La Question arménienne. Paris: Savine, 1890.
Woods, H. C. The Truth about Asia Minor. London, 1890.
Zeidner, R. F. "Britain and the Launching of the Armenian Question." International Journal of Middle East Studies 7, 4 (1976): 465-483.
2. Documentary Collections
The Armenian Genocide and America's Outcry: A Compilation of U.S. Documents, 1890-1923. Washington, D.C.: Armenian Assembly of America, 1985. 126p.
The Armenian Genocide. Documentation. Vol. 1. Munich: Institut für Armenische Fragen, 1987, 655p.
La politique extérieure de l'Allemagne 1870-1914. Documents officiels publiés par le Ministère allemand des Affaires Étrangères, vols. 9, 10, 11. Paris: Alfred Costes, 1930-1931.
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. ABCFM Papers. Miscellaneous Papers Relating to the Near East Mission.
Anderson, M. S. The Great Powers and the Near East 1774-1923. London, 1970.
Charmetant, Félix. Martyrologe arménien. Tableau officiel des massacres d'Arménie, dressé après enquêtes par les six ambassades de Constantinople et statistique dressée par des témoins oculaires grégoriens et protestants. Paris: Oeuvres d'Orient, 1896, 96p.
------. Martirologio arméno. Greviso, 1896, 123p.
German Diplomatic Documents, 1871-1914. Selected and translated by E. T. S. Dugdale. Vol. 2. London: Methuen, 1929. See especially "Historical Preface," pp. xiv-xvii; Ch. 8, "The Armenian Question," pp. 109-114; Ch. 16, "The Armenian Question, 1893-5," pp. 211-235; Ch. 23, "Lord Salisbury and the Future of Turkey. July to October, 1895," pp. 327-347; and Ch. 24, "The Armenian Failure. September, 1895, to January, 1897," pp. 348-364.
France. Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, Commission de Publication des Documents Rélatifs aux Origines de la Guerre de 1914. Documents diplomatiques français (1871-1914), 1re série, (1871-1900), t. 12 (mai 8 1895-14 octobre 1896). Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1951.
France. Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, Commission de Publication des Documents Rélatifs aux Origines de la Guerre de 1914. Documents diplomatiques français (1871-1914), 1re série, (1871-1900), t. 13 (16 octobre 1896-13décembre 1897). Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1953.
France. Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, Commission de Publication des Documents Rélatifs aux Origines de la Guerre de 1914. Documents diplomatiques français (1871-1914), 1re série, (1871-1900), t. 14 (4 janvier 1898-30 décembre 1898). Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1957.
France. Ministère des Affaires Etrangères. Documents Diplomatiques. Livre Jaune. Affaires arméniennes. Projets de réformes dans l'Empire Ottoman 1893-1897, 2 vols. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1897.
Great Britain. Foreign Office. Blue Book: Turkey. 1889, No. 1; 1890-1891, No.1; 1892, No. 2. (Correspondence respecting the condition of the population in the Asiatic provinces of Turkey.)
------. Blue Book: Turkey. 1895, No. 1 (Correspondence Relating to the Asiatic Provinces of Turkey), Part I (Events at Sassoon and the Commission of Enquiry at Mush). London: Harrison and Sons, 1895, 208p. (Great Britain. House of Commons, Sessional Papers, v. 109, 1895.)
------. Blue Book: Turkey. 1895, No. 1 (Correspondence Relating to the Asiatic Provinces of Turkey), Part II (Commission of Enquiry at Mush: Procès-verbaux and Separate Dispositions). London: Harrison and Sons, 1895, 378p. (Great Britain. Parliament, Sessional Papers, v. 109, 1895.)
------. Blue Book: Turkey. 1896, No. 1 (Correspondence Respecting the Introduction of Reforms in the Armenian provinces of Asiatic Turkey). London: Harrison and Sons, 1896, 176p.
------. Blue Book: Turkey. 1896, No. 2. (Correspondence Relative to the Armenian Question and Reports from Her Majesty's Consular Officers in Asiatic Turkey). London: Harrison and Sons, 1896, 339p. (Great Britain. Parliament, Sessional Papers, v. 95, 1896).
------. Blue Book: Turkey. 1896, No. 3. (Correspondence Relating to the Asiatic Provinces of Turkey, 1892-93). London: Harrison and Sons, 1896.
------. Blue Book: Turkey. 1896, No. 5. (Correspondence Relating to the Asiatic Provinces of Turkey. Reports by Vice Consul Fitzmaurice, from Birejik, Ourfa, Adiaman and Behesni). London: Harrison and Sons, 1896, 19p. (Great Britain. Parliament, Sessional Papers, v. 106, 1896).
------. Blue Book: Turkey. 1896, No. 6. (Correspondence Relating to the Asiatic Provinces of Turkey, 1894-1895. London: Harrison and Sons, 1896, 393p.
------. Blue Book: Turkey. 1896, No. 8. (Further Correspondence Relating to the Asiatic Provinces of Turkey ... Presented to Both Houses). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, [1896], 300p.
------. Blue Book: Turkey. 1897, No. 1. (Correspondence Respecting the Disturbances at Constantinople in August 1896). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, [1897].
------. Blue Book: Turkey. 1897, No. 2. (Correspondence Respecting the Introduction of Reforms in the Administration of the Ottoman Empire). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, [1897].
------. Blue Book: Turkey. 1897, No. 3. (Further Correspondence Respecting the Asiatic Provinces of Turkey and Events in Constantinople). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, [1897], 114p.
------. Blue Book: Turkey. 1897, No. 7. (Further Correspondence Respecting the Asiatic Provinces of Turkey and Events in Constantinople). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, [1897], 144p.
------. Blue Book: Turkey. 1898, No. 1. (Further Correspondence Respecting the Asiatic Provinces of Turkey). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, [1898].
Italy. I documenti diplomatici italiani. Terza serie, 1896-1907. Vol. 1 (10 marzo 1896-30 aprile 1897). Roma, 1953.
Kirakosian, J. S., ed. Hayastane michazkayin divanakitut`yan ew sovetakan artakin kaghakakanut`yan pastateghterum, 1828-1923 (Armenia in the documents of international diplomacy and Soviet foreign policy, 1828-1923). Erevan, 1972.
Lepsius, Johannes, Albrecht Mendelssohn Bartholdy, Friederich Thimme, eds. Die Grosse Politik der Europaïschen Kabinette, 1871-1914: Sammlung der Diplomatischen Akten des Auswärtigen Amtes. Band 9: Der nahe und der ferne Osten. Band 10: Das türkische Problem 1895. Berlin: Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft für Politik und Geschichte, 1924.
Nersisian, M. G., ed. Genotsid armian v Osmanskoi Imperii: Sbornik dokumentov i materialov (The Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Collected documents and materials). 2nd ed. Erevan: Hayastan, 1982, 686p.
Un Philarménien. La Vérité sur les massacres d'Arménie. Documents nouveaux et peu connus. Rapports de témoins oculaires. Correspondances particulières. Paris: Stock, 1896, 128p.
Schopoff, A. Les Réformes et la protection des Chrétiens en Turquie, 1673-1904. Paris: Librarie Plon, 1904.
imir, Bilâl N. British Documents on Ottoman Armenians, 4 vols. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basmevi, 1982-1990.
imir, Bilâl N. Documents diplomatiques ottomanes. 2 vols. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basmevi, 1985-1989, 580p. + 675p.
Stewart, Laddie J. Preliminary Inventory of the Records of the U.S. Consulate General in Constantinople, Turkey: 1855-1935. Washington, DC: Ulusal Arivlerde yaylanmami belge, 1954.
Temperley, Harold, and Lillian M. Penson. Foundations of British Foreign Policy from Pitt (1792) to Salisbury (1902). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1938, 573p.
Thoumaïan, G. Les massacres en Arménie. Rapport officiel des six ambassadeurs à Constantinople. Extraits du <<Livre Jaune.>> Lettres et rapports de témoins oculaires. Précédés d'une aperçu général de la question arménienne. Paris: Comité protestant français du secours aux Arméniens, 1897, 132p.
United States. Dept. of State. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1896.
3. Memoirs and Eye-Witness Accounts
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. ABCFM Papers. Miscellaneous Papers Relating to the Near East Mission (ABC 16.5). Vol. 5.
An Armenian Refugee. The Story of My Escape. Reading, 1897.
Armentzit i Sultan Abdul Khamid. Po sietzialni korrespondentzii na ochervidtzy (Armenia and Sultan Abdul Hamid. Special correspondence of eye-wintesses). Sophia, 1898.
Aprahamian, Souren. From Van to Detroit: Surviving the Armenian Genocide. Ann Arbor: Gomidas Institute, 1993, 265p.
Aso. Garmir orer (Red days). New York: Yeritasard Hayastan, 1907, 63p.
Bayly, E. B. Memoir of Ida Mellinger. London, 1900, 138p. Mellinger was an American missionary.
Behesnilian, Krikor. In Bonds: An Armenian's Experiences. London: Morgan and Scott, 1896, 63p.; 3rd ed., [1903?].
Blunt, Wilfred Scawen. My Diaries, Being a Personal Narrative of Events, 1888-1919. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1921, 419p. See especially pp. 185-192.
Cambon, Paul. Corréspondance 1870-1924, 3 vols. Paris: Bernard Grasset, 1940-1946. (See "La Turquie d'Abd Ul Hamid," in volume 1, 385-398, and 411-420).
Carlier, Émilie. Au milieu des massacres; journal de la femme d'un Consul de France en Arménie. Paris: Félix Juven, 1903, 156p.
Chambers, William Nesbitt. Yoljuluk: Random Thoughts on a Life in Imperial Turkey. London: Simpkin Marshall, 1928, 125p. (Republished Paramus, NJ: Armenian Missionary Association of America, 1988.)
Deranian, Marderos. Hussenig: The Origin, History and Destruction of an Armenian Town. Translated, Revised and with Additions by Hagop Martin Deranian. Cambridge, MA: Armenian Heritage Press, 1994, pp. 36-38, 72, 75, 80.
Giesl, Baron Wladimir. Zwei Jahrzehnte im Nahen Orient (Two decades in the Near East). Berlin, 1927.
Graves, Sir Robert. Storm Centres of the Near East: Personal Memories, 1879-1929. London: Hutchinson, 1933, 375p. See especially Chapter 8, "Armenia, 1893-1894. Sassun Massacre and Commission of Inquiry," pp. 140-152, and Chapter 9, "Armenia, 1895-1898. Armenian Massacres," pp. 153-165.
Hartunian, Abraham H. Neither to Laugh Nor to Weep: A Memoir of the Armenian Genocide. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: Armenian Heritage Press, 1986. See especially chapter 2, pp. 10-23.
Howard, William Willard. Horrors of Armenia: The Story of an Eye-Witness. New York: Armenian Relief Association, 1896, 62p.
Jafarian, Boghos. Farewell Kharpert: The Autobiography of Boghos Jafarian. Edited by Leon Mangasarian. Madison, WI: Claire Mangasarian, 1989, 258p.
Jernazian, Ephraim K. Judgment Unto Truth: Witnessing the Armenian Genocide. Trans. Alice Haig. (Zoryan Institute Survivors' Memoirs, no. 4.) New Brunswick, NJ and London: Transaction Publishers, 1990. See especially pp. 1-19.
Lyall, Edna. Martyrs d'Arménie. Autobiographie d'une verité. Translated from English. Neuchâtel: Attinger Frères, 1896, 76p.
MacColl, Malcom. Memoirs and Correspondence. Edited by G.W.E. Russell. London: Smith, Elder, 1914, 407p.
Martin, Edwin W. The Hubbards of Sivas: A Chronicle of Love and Faith. Santa Barbara: Fithian Press, 1991, 318p.
Melitinetsi, Georg. Nakhchirner: Patmakan aknark me Malatioy ashkharagrakan dirke, kliman, ew artadrutiun, Malatioy hayutian 1895-i inknaposhtpanutian kriwnere, Malatioy hayutian bnajnjumn u teghahanutiwne, Malatioy krtasirats enkerutiwne (Atrocities: An historical look at Malatya, geographical position, climate and products, the 1895 self-defence battles of the Armenians, Malatya, the annihilation and deportation of Malatya Armenians, the educational organization of Malatya). Boston: Hairenik, 1929, 219p.
Nazlian, Maritsa. Aksori chamban (The road to exile). Vienna: Dimel, Kossian, 1975, 144p.
Pasdermadjian, Garegin. Bank Ottoman: Memoirs of Armen Garo. Edited by Simon Vratzian. Translated by Haig T. Pardizian. Detroit: Armen Topouzian, 1990, 210p.
Pears, Sir Edwin. Forty Years in Constantinople. The Recollections of Sir Edwin Pears, 1873-1915. London: Herbert Jenkins; New York: D. Appleton, 1916, 390p.
Pierce, James Wilson, ed. The Story of Turkey and Armenia with a Full and Accurate Account of the Recent Massacres Written by an Eye Witness. A Sketch of Clara Barton and the Red Cross. Baltimore: R. H. Woodward, 1896, 500p.
Ruben [Ruben Ter Minassian]. Hay heghap`okhakani mu hishataknere (Memoirs of an Armenian revolutionary). Vol. 3. Beirut: Librarie Hamaskaïne, 1974, pp. 103-116.
Shepard, F.D. Personal Experiences in Turkish Massacres and Relief Work. Worcester, 1911.
Shtern, Detlef. Dve Armianki. Povest' iz turetskoi zhizni. Perevod L.T. Istoricheskie fakty iz zhizni turkov vremia armianskoi rezni 1895 goda. Zakhvat Ottomanskogo Banka - 1896 goda i nachalo razvitiia Mladoturetskogo dvizheniia (Two Armenian women. A story about Turkish life. Translated by L. T. Historical facts about Turkish life during the Armenian Massacres of 1895. Occupation of the Ottoman Bank - 1896 and how the Young Turk movement began to develop). St. Petersburg: Tipo-Litogr. T-va Svet, 1911, 64p.
Standish, Burt L. Frank Merriwell's Venture, or, Driven from Armenia. New York: Street & Smith, 1896, 32p.
Townsend, Arthur FitzHenry. A Military Consul in Turkey: The Experiences and Impressions of a British Representative in Asia Minor. London: Seeley, 1910.
Vizetelly, Edward. The Reminiscences of a Bashi-Bazouk, with 55 Drawings ... and Some Photographs. Bristol: J.W. Arrowsmith; London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent, 1897, 482p.
United States. Dept. of State. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1895. Vol. 2.
Eyewitness accounts of the 1895 and 1896 massacres by Kharpert missionaries. See pp. 1370-1381, and 888-892.
Washburn, George. Fifty Years in Constantinople. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911, 319p. See especially Chapter XXII, "The Great Constantinople Massacre, 1896-1897," 245-249.
Whitman, Sidney. Turkish Memories. London: William Heinemann; New York: Chas. Scribner's Sons, 1914, 306p. See especially Ch. II, "The Armenian Outbreak in Constantinople (August 1896)," 10-35.
Zorian, Samuel H. This Man & Others: The Personal Memoirs of Samuel H. Zorian. Translated by Deran Rushton-Zorian. London: Mihran & Azniv Essefian Charitable Trust, 1996, 93p.
4. The Massacres
Adana
Eghiayan, Biwzand, ed. Atanayi Hayots` patmut`iwn: Patmagrakan, eghernagrakan, azatagrakan, mshakut`ayin, azgagrakan, vaweragrakan, zhamanagrakan (History of Adana Armenians: Historical, genocidal, freedom movements, cultural, national, documentary, chronological). Beirut: Atanayi Hayrenakats`akan Miut`yan Varch`ut`iwn, 1970, 1061p.Adiaman
Pierce, James Wilson, ed. The Story of Turkey and Armenia with a Full and Accurate Account of the Recent Massacres Written by an Eye Witness. A Sketch of Clara Barton and the Red Cross. Baltimore: R. H. Woodward, 1896, pp. 469-470.Aintab
Bliss, Edwin Munsell. Turkey and the Armenian Atrocities: A Reign of Terror. From Tartar Huts to Constantinople Palaces. Centuries of Oppression--Moslem and Christian--Sultan and Patriarch--Broken Pledges Followed by Massacre and Outrage. n.p.: Edgewood Publishing; New York: Hibbard & Young, 1896 (Reprinted, Fresno: Meshag Publishing, 1982), pp. 447-473.Filian, George H. Armenia and Her People, or the Story of Armenia by an Armenian. Hartford, CT: American Publishing Co., 1896, pp. 285-292.
Hartunian, Abraham H. Neither to Laugh Nor to Weep: A Memoir of the Armenian Genocide. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: Armenian Heritage Press, 1986. See especially chapter 2, pp. 10-23.
Sarafian, Kevork Avedis. A Briefer History of Aintab. [La Verne, CA]: Union of Armenians of Aintab, 1957, pp. 124-130.
Akhisar
Filian, George H. Armenia and Her People, or the Story of Armenia by an Armenian. Hartford, CT: American Publishing Co., 1896, pp. 308-311.Akhtamar
[Tchobanian, Archag]. Les massacres d'Arménie: Témoignages des victimes. 3e éd. Paris: Édition du Mercure de France, 1896, pp. 103-121.Arabkir
Nazlian, Maritsa. Ak`sori chamban (The road to exile). Second Printing. Vienna: Dimel, Kossian, 1975, 144p. First printing Beirut: G. Doniguian.[Tchobanian, Archag]. Les massacres d'Arménie: Témoignages des victimes. 3e éd. Paris: Édition du Mercure de France, 1896, pp. 141-166.
Bayburt
[Tchobanian, Archag]. Les massacres d'Arménie: Témoignages des victimes. 3e éd. Paris: Édition du Mercure de France, 1896, pp. 61-70.Birejik
Filian, George H. Armenia and Her People, or the Story of Armenia by an Armenian. Hartford, CT: American Publishing Co., 1896, pp. 292-294.Bitlis
Pierce, James Wilson, ed. The Story of Turkey and Armenia with a Full and Accurate Account of the Recent Massacres Written by an Eye Witness. A Sketch of Clara Barton and the Red Cross. Baltimore: R. H. Woodward, 1896, pp. 465-467.[Tchobanian, Archag]. Les massacres d'Arménie: Témoignages des victimes. 3e éd. Paris: Édition du Mercure de France, 1896, pp. 71-81.
Caesarea
"Constantinople: Massacre Near Kaisarieh." London Daily Telegraph (Nov. 11, 1896): 7.Filian, George H. Armenia and Her People, or the Story of Armenia by an Armenian. Hartford, CT: American Publishing Co., 1896, pp. 280-285.
Pierce, James Wilson, ed. The Story of Turkey and Armenia with a Full and Accurate Account of the Recent Massacres Written by an Eye Witness. A Sketch of Clara Barton and the Red Cross. Baltimore: R. H. Woodward, 1896, pp. 467-468.
[Tchobanian, Archag]. Les massacres d'Arménie: Témoignages des victimes. 3e éd. Paris: Édition du Mercure de France, 1896, pp. 227-232.
Chenkush
[Tchobanian, Archag]. Les massacres d'Arménie: Témoignages des victimes. 3e éd. Paris: Édition du Mercure de France, 1896, pp. 215-216.Constantinople
"Armenians Rioting in Constantinople: Eighty Killed and Wounded; Two Judges Murdered." London Daily Telegraph (Oct. 3, 1895): 5."Constantinople: A Time of Terror; Anxious Situation; Views of the Powers." London Daily Telegraph (Oct. 5, 1895): 7.
"Constantinople: Action of the Powers; Death to 'Infidels;' Hostility to England." London Daily Telegraph (Oct. 8, 1895): 7.
"Constantinople: Armenian Raiders at Marseilles; Alleged Plot to Massacre Europeans; A Russian View." London Daily Telegraph (Sept. 4, 1896): 5.
"Constantinople: Details of the Fighting; Opinions in Paris and Vienna." London Daily Telegraph (Oct. 7, 1895): 5.
"Constantinople: Fresh Disturbances; Massacres Connived At; Committee of Inquiry." London Daily Telegraph (Sept. 1, 1896): 7.
"Constantinople: Heartrending Scenes; Marines Landed; Action of the Powers; Armenians Saved by British Sailors." London Daily Telegraph (Aug. 31, 1896): 5.
"Constantinople: Thousands Reported Killed; Turkish Reprisals; Marines Protecting the British Embassy." London Daily Telegraph (Aug. 29, 1896): 7.
"Constantinople Massacre." Contemporary Review 70 (Oct. 1896): 457-465.
"Constantinople Massacre." Living Age, 211 (Nov. 7, 1896): 352-358.
"Constantinople: Musulman Agitation." London Daily Telegraph (Oct. 12, 1895): 5.
"Constantinople: Refugees in the Churches." London Daily Telegraph (Oct. 9, 1895): 5.
"Constantinople: Refugees Returning; The British Ambassador." London Daily Telegraph (Oct. 14, 1895): 5.
"Constantinople Riots: Five Thousand Massacred." London Daily Telegraph (Sept. 2, 1896): 7.
"Constantinople: Six Hundred Armenians Massacred; Reported Russo-Turkish Defensive Alliance; Austrian Declaration; Rumoured Threats by the Sultan." London Daily Telegraph (Sept. 22, 1896): 5.
"Constantinople: The Porte's Reply to the Powers; Churches Cleared." London Daily Telegraph (Oct. 11, 1895): 5.
"Constantinople: The Sultan and the British Fleet; Churches Surrounded by Police; Massacre of Armenians at Trebizond." London Daily Telegraph (Oct. 10, 1895): 7.
"Constantinople: The Trial of Armenians." London Daily Telegraph (Sept. 8, 1896): 5.
"The Ottoman Bank: Raiders and Raided; Their Stories Told by Themselves." London Daily Telegraph (Sept. 7, 1896): 5.
"The Raid on the Ottoman Bank." London Daily Telegraph (Sept. 3, 1896): 5.
"Riots in Constantinople: Panic in the City; Further Serious Loss of Life; A Cry of Despair from Armenia." London Daily Telegraph (Oct. 4, 1895): 7.
"Serious Rioting in Constantinople: Bank Seized by the Mob; Bluejackets Landed; Official Version." London Daily Telegraph (Aug. 28, 1896): 5.
"The Story of Massacre in Constantinople." Review of Reviews 14, no. 5 (Nov. 1896): 592-593.
Arslan, Emin. "Les Arméniens à Constantinople." Revue Blanche 11 (1896): 282-284.
Auboyneau, G. La journée du 26 août à la Banque Impériale Ottomane, Constantinople. Paris: Imp. Chaix, 1912, 35p.
Bliss, Edwin Munsell. Turkey and the Armenian Atrocities: A Reign of Terror. From Tartar Huts to Constantinople Palaces. Centuries of Oppression--Moslem and Christian--Sultan and Patriarch--Broken Pledges Followed by Massacre and Outrage. n.p.: Edgewood Publishing; New York: Hibbard & Young, 1896 (Reprinted, Fresno: Meshag Publishing, 1982), 384-405.
Giesl, Baron Wladimir. Zwei Jahrzehnte im Nahen Orient (Two decades in the Near East). Berlin, 1927.
Dadrian, Vahakn N. "Rapports médicaux dressés après l'examen des cadavres des arméniens massacrés dans les rues d'Istanbul en septembre 1895." Union Medicale Arménienne de France 56 (June 1990): 10-14.
Elasser. "Le massacre des Arméniens à Constantinople fin août 1896. Impressions d'un témoin." La Terre Sainte 21 & 23 (1896).
Eliot, Charles. Turkey in Europe. 2nd ed. London: Edward Arnold. Reprinted London: Frank Cass, 1965, pp. 410-413.
Great Britain. Foreign Office. Blue Book: Turkey. 1897, No. 1. (Correspondence Respecting the Disturbances at Constantinople in August 1896). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, [1897].
Kalopothakes, D. "The Constantinople Massacres." Nation 63 (Oct. 8, 1896): 265-267.
Lardy, E. "Souvenirs de sept ans passés à Constantinople. Moeurs et coutumes. Les massacres d'aôut 1896." Le Globe 37 (1898).
MacColl, Malcom. "The Constantinople Massacre and its Lesson." Contemporary Review 68 (Nov. 1895): 744-760.
Manaskitch. "L'Affaire de la Banque Ottomane." Cahiers de la Quinzaine 19 (1902).
Meath, Earl of [Reginald Brabazon]. "The Massacres in Turkey." Nineteenth Century 40 (Oct. 1896): 660-664.
Miller, William. Travel and Politics in the Near East. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1898, 515p. See especially pp. 408-410, where the author suggests Abdul Hamid's negative reaction to his alleged Armenian parentage was a cause of the massacres. There is a photograph of the carts used to remove massacred Armenians, p. 409.
Tchobanian, Archag. "Les émigrés arméniens." Revue Blanche 11 (1896): 394-399.
Troshine, Yvan. "A Bystander's Notes of a Massacre: The Slaughter of Armenians in Constantinople." Scribner's Magazine 21, no. 1 (Jan. 1897): 48-67.
Washburn, George. Fifty Years in Constantinople. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911, 319p. See especially Chapter XXII, "The Great Constantinople Massacre, 1896-1897," pp. 245-249.
Whitman, Sidney. Turkish Memories. London: William Heinemann; New York: Chas. Scribner's Sons, 1914, 306p. See especially Ch. II, "The Armenian Outbreak in Constantinople (August 1896)," pp. 10-35.
Diarbekir
Bérard, Victor. La politique du sultan. 4e éd. Paris: A. Colin, 1900, pp. 55-67.Filian, George H. Armenia and Her People, or the Story of Armenia by an Armenian. Hartford, CT: American Publishing Co., 1896, pp. 296-300.
Zorian, Samuel H. This Man & Others: The Personal Memoirs of Samuel H. Zorian. Translated by Deran Rushton-Zorian. London: Mihran & Azniv Essefian Charitable Trust, 1996, 93p.
Eghine
"Constantinople: Further Massacres; The Sultan and the Kaiser; An Autograph Letter." London Daily Telegraph (Sept. 28, 1896): 7."Constantinople: The Egin Massacres." London Daily Telegraph (Dec. 10, 1896): 7.
[Tchobanian, Archag]. Les massacres d'Arménie: Témoignages des victimes. 3e éd. Paris: Édition du Mercure de France, 1896, pp. 167-175.
Erzurum/Garin
Garno hishatakin (In Memory of Garin). Vienna: A.R.F. Free Press, 1896.Bliss, Edwin Munsell. Turkey and the Armenian Atrocities: A Reign of Terror. From Tartar Huts to Constantinople Palaces. Centuries of Oppression--Moslem and Christian--Sultan and Patriarch--Broken Pledges Followed by Massacre and Outrage. n.p.: Edgewood Publishing; New York: Hibbard & Young, 1896 (Reprinted, Fresno: Meshag Publishing, 1982), pp. 406-426.
Charik, Ghazar. Garinabatum (History of Garin). Beirut, 1957.
Filian, George H. Armenia and Her People, or the Story of Armenia by an Armenian. Hartford, CT: American Publishing Co., 1896, pp. 303-305.
Pierce, James Wilson, ed. The Story of Turkey and Armenia with a Full and Accurate Account of the Recent Massacres Written by an Eye Witness. A Sketch of Clara Barton and the Red Cross. Baltimore: R. H. Woodward, 1896, pp. 478-482.
Tarbassian, Hratch B. Erzurum (Garin): Its Armenian History and Traditions. Translated from the Armenian by Nigol Schahgaldian. N.p.: Garin Compatriotic Union of the United States, 1975, pp. 162-164.
[Tchobanian, Archag]. Les massacres d'Arménie: Témoignages des victimes. 3e éd. Paris: Édition du Mercure de France, 1896, pp. 40-50.
Williams, Augustine Warner and M. S. Gabrielian. Bleeding Armenia: Its History of Horrors. [Chicago]: Publishers' Union, 1896, pp. 341-359.
Erzinjan
"Armenian Question: Further Disturbances and Bloodshed." London Daily Telegraph (Oct. 26, 1895): 7."More Outrages in Armenia." London Daily Telegraph (Aug. 28, 1895): 5.
[Tchobanian, Archag]. Les massacres d'Arménie: Témoignages des victimes. 3e éd. Paris: Édition du Mercure de France, 1896, pp. 51-60.
Etesia
Etesioh sosgali tebk ev voghperkout`un godoradzin Etesioh (The horrible incident of Etesia and the tragedy of the massacres at Etesia). Schumla, Bulgaria, 1904, 32p. Written by an Armenian of that city.Gumuchhané
[Tchobanian, Archag]. Les massacres d'Arménie: Témoignages des victimes. 3e éd. Paris: Édition du Mercure de France, 1896, pp. 33-39.Harput/Kharpert
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. ABCFM Papers. Miscellaneous Papers Relating to the Near East Mission (ABC 16.5). Vol. 5, #82-89. Eyewitness accounts of the 1895 and 1896 massacres by Kharpert missionaries."Constantinople." London Daily Telegraph (Sept. 26, 1896): 7. Reports the massacre of 100 Armenians at Divrig.
Bliss, Edwin Munsell. Turkey and the Armenian Atrocities: A Reign of Terror. From Tartar Huts to Constantinople Palaces. Centuries of Oppression--Moslem and Christian--Sultan and Patriarch--Broken Pledges Followed by Massacre and Outrage. n.p.: Edgewood Publishing; New York: Hibbard & Young, 1896 (Reprinted, Fresno: Meshag Publishing, 1982), pp. 427-446.
Filian, George H. Armenia and Her People, or the Story of Armenia by an Armenian. Hartford, CT: American Publishing Co., 1896, pp. 261-266.
[Tchobanian, Archag]. Les massacres d'Arménie: Témoignages des victimes. 3e éd. Paris: Édition du Mercure de France, 1896, pp. 122-140.
United States. Dept. of State. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1895. Vol. 2.
Eyewitness accounts of the 1895 and 1896 massacres by Kharpert missionaries. See pp. 1370-1381, and 888-892.
Williams, Augustine Warner and M. S. Gabrielian. Bleeding Armenia: Its History of Horrors. [Chicago]: Publishers' Union, 1896, pp. 383-399.
Harzan
"The Armenian Question." London Daily Telegraph (Feb. 13, 1895): 3.Husni-Mansour
[Tchobanian, Archag]. Les massacres d'Arménie: Témoignages des victimes. 3e éd. Paris: Édition du Mercure de France, 1896, pp. 217-221.Hussenig
Deranian, Marderos. Hussenig: The Origin, History and Destruction of an Armenian Town. Translated, Revised and with Additions by Hagop Martin Deranian. Cambridge, MA: Armenian Heritage Press, 1994, pp. 36-38, 72, 75, 80.Malatya
Filian, George H. Armenia and Her People, or the Story of Armenia by an Armenian. Hartford, CT: American Publishing Co., 1896, pp. 271-274.Melitinetsi, Georg. Nakhchirner: Patmakan aknark me Malatioy ashkharagrakan dirke, kliman, ew artadrutiun, Malatioy hayutian 1895-i inknaposhtpanutian kriwnere, Malatioy hayutian bnajnjumn u teghahanutiwne, Malatioy krtasirats enkerutiwne (Atrocities: An historical look at Malatya, geographical position, climate and products, the 1895 self-defence battles of the Armenians, Malatya, the annihilation and deportation of Malatya Armenians, the educational organization of Malatya). Boston: Hairenik, 1929, 219p.
Sykes, Mark. Dar-ul-Islam: A Record of a Journey Through Ten of the Asiatic Provinces of Turkey. London: Bickers & Son; New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1904, pp. 115-117.
[Tchobanian, Archag]. Les massacres d'Arménie: Témoignages des victimes. 3e éd. Paris: Édition du Mercure de France, 1896, pp. 176-178.
Marash
"Armenian Cruelties. Commission To Be Appointed." London Daily Telegraph (Dec. 8, 1894): 5.Bliss, Edwin Munsell. Turkey and the Armenian Atrocities: A Reign of Terror. From Tartar Huts to Constantinople Palaces. Centuries of Oppression--Moslem and Christian--Sultan and Patriarch--Broken Pledges Followed by Massacre and Outrage. n.p.: Edgewood Publishing; New York: Hibbard & Young, 1896 (Reprinted, Fresno: Meshag Publishing, 1982), pp. 447-473.
Filian, George H. Armenia and Her People, or the Story of Armenia by an Armenian. Hartford, CT: American Publishing Co., 1896, pp. 305-308.
Kalstyan, K. Marash kam Kermanik ew heros Zeyt`un (Marash or Kermanig and Heroic Zeitun). New York, 1934.
Kazanjian, Papken. The Cilician-Armenian Ordeal. Boston: Hye Intentions, 1989. See the personal accounts on pp. 269-280, 281-297, 348-359, 365-374, and 482-491, all witnesses to the 1895 massacres at Marash.
Jernazian, Ephraim K. Judgment Unto Truth: Witnessing the Armenian Genocide. Trans. Alice Haig. (Zoryan Institute Survivors' Memoirs, no. 4.) New Brunswick, NJ and London: Transaction Publishers, 1990. See especially pp. 1-19.
Pierce, James Wilson, ed. The Story of Turkey and Armenia with a Full and Accurate Account of the Recent Massacres Written by an Eye Witness. A Sketch of Clara Barton and the Red Cross. Baltimore: R. H. Woodward, 1896, pp. 471-473, 477-478.
[Tchobanian, Archag]. Les massacres d'Arménie: Témoignages des victimes. 3e éd. Paris: Édition du Mercure de France, 1896, pp. 233-237.
Marzovan
Pierce, James Wilson, ed. The Story of Turkey and Armenia with a Full and Accurate Account of the Recent Massacres Written by an Eye Witness. A Sketch of Clara Barton and the Red Cross. Baltimore: R. H. Woodward, 1896, pp. 482-485.Mush
"Armenian Cruelties." London Daily Telegraph (Dec. 10, 1894): 5."The Porte and Armenia: Fresh Outrages." London Daily Telegraph (Aug. 20, 1895): 5.
[Tchobanian, Archag]. Les massacres d'Arménie: Témoignages des victimes. 3e éd. Paris: Édition du Mercure de France, 1896, pp. 84-89.
Williams, Augustine Warner and M. S. Gabrielian. Bleeding Armenia: Its History of Horrors. [Chicago]: Publishers' Union, 1896, pp. 360-382.
Palu
Aramian, P. Hawawi embost artsive (The rebellious eagle of Hawaw). 1950, 61p.Filian, George H. Armenia and Her People, or the Story of Armenia by an Armenian. Hartford, CT: American Publishing Co., 1896, pp. 266-271.
[Tchobanian, Archag]. Les massacres d'Arménie: Témoignages des victimes. 3e éd. Paris: Édition du Mercure de France, 1896, pp. 179-214.
Parchanj
Dzeron, Manoog B. The Village of Parchanj: General History 1600-1937. Translated by Arra S. Avakian. Fresno: Panorama West Books, 1984, pp. 207-209. Translated from the Armenian edition, Boston: Baikar Press, 1938.Samandagi
Karikian, E. Druagner Suetioy Heghap`okhut`ian patmut`enen (Stories from the revolutionary history of Swedia). Paris: Abaka, 1921, 48p.Sasun
Apstamb Sasune (Rebellious Sasun). A Publication of the Armenian Students' Association of Europe, 1903.Armenia: The Massacres of Sassoun. London: N.d.
"The Armenian Crisis." Review of Reviews 11, no. 1 (Jan. 1895): 45-54.
"Armenian Question." London Daily Telegraph (Aug. 17, 1895): 5.
"The Armenian Question. A Reign of Terror." London Daily Telegraph (Jan. 9, 1895): 3.
Aspirations et agissement révolutionnaires des comités arméniens avant et après la proclamation de la constitution ottomane. Istanbul, 1917, pp. 23-29.
Facts about Armenia. Sasson as Reported by a Native. Mr. Gladstone's Speech and Dr. Dillon's Article on Armenia. New York: E. Scott, 1895, 48p.
Sassoun et les atrocités hamidiennes. Interpellation. Les atrocités. Rapport officiel. Genève: L'Union des Étudiants Arméniens de l'Europe, 1904, 64p.
"The Truth about Armenia: Massacre of Christians." London Daily Telegraph (May 7, 1895): 5.
"The Turks in Armenia. Dreadful Outrages. Narratives by Fugitives." London Daily Telegraph (Wednesday, Dec. 5, 1894): 5.
Bérard, Victor. "La politique du Sultan [part 1]." Revue de Paris 16 (Nov.-Dec. 1896): 865-899; "La politique du Sultan [part 2]." (Jan.-Feb. 1897): 421-458.
------. La politique du sultan, 4e éd. Paris: A. Colin, 1900, pp. 36-54.
Bliss, Edwin Munsell. Turkey and the Armenian Atrocities: A Reign of Terror. From Tartar Huts to Constantinople Palaces. Centuries of Oppression--Moslem and Christian--Sultan and Patriarch--Broken Pledges Followed by Massacre and Outrage. n.p.: Edgewood Publishing; New York: Hibbard & Young, 1896 (Reprinted, Fresno: Meshag Publishing, 1982), pp. 368-383.
Chalabian, Antranig. General Andranik and the Armenian Revolutionary Movement. [Southfield, MI]: A. Chalabian, 1988, pp. 63-79.
------. Revolutionary Figures. Translated into English by Arra S. Avakian. Southfield, MI: A. Chalabian, 1994, 384p.
Dillon, E., and F. Greene. Polozhenie del v Turetskoi Armenii i Turetskie zverstva v Sasune (The Situation in Turkish Armenia and Turkish atrocities in Sasun. E. Dillon, "The situation in Turkish Armenia," 1-48. F. Greene, "Turkish atrocities in Sasun," 49-64). Moscow: Tip. Rassvet, 1896, 64p.
Eliot, Charles. Turkey in Europe. 2nd ed. London: Edward Arnold. Reprinted London: Frank Cass, 1965, pp. 405-407.
Filian, George H. Armenia and Her People, or the Story of Armenia by an Armenian. Hartford, CT: American Publishing Co., 1896, pp. 240-257.
Graves, Sir Robert. Storm Centres of the Near East: Personal Memories, 1879-1929. London: Hutchinson, 1933, 375p. See especially Chapter VIII, "Armenia, 1893-1894. Sassun Massacre and Commission of Inquiry," pp. 140-152.
Great Britain. Foreign Office. Blue Book: Turkey. 1895, No. 1 (Correspondence Relating to the Asiatic Provinces of Turkey), Part I (Events at Sassoon and the Commission of Enquiry at Mush). London: Harrison and Sons, 1895, 208p. (Great Britain. House of Commons, Sessional Papers, v. 109, 1895.)
------. Blue Book: Turkey. 1895, No. 1 (Correspondence Relating to the Asiatic Provinces of Turkey), Part II (Commission of Enquiry at Mush: Procès-verbaux and Separate Dispositions). London: Harrison and Sons, 1895, 378p. (Great Britain. Parliament, Sessional Papers, v. 109, 1895.)
Greene, Frederick Davis. Armenian Massacres or the Sword of Mohammed, Containing a Complete and Thrilling Account of the Terrible Atrocities and Wholesale Murders Committed in Armenia by Mohammedan Fanatics, Including a Full Account of the Turkish People, Their History, Government, Manners, Customs and Strange Religious Belief, to Which Is Added the Mohammedan Reign of Terror in Armenia. Edited by Henry Davenport Northrop. [Philadelphia]: American Oxford Publishing Co., 1896, pp. 17-24.
Harland, Marion. Under the Flag of the Orient: An Account of the Battle Scenes, Historical Events, Tragedies and Romances, Marvelous Legends, Customs and Characters, Hopes and Promises of the Race of Israel, To Which Has Been Added the Thrilling Story of Armenia. Philadelphia: Historical Pub. Co., 1897, 446 p. (See pp. 421-425 for "an authentic account of cruel persecution by the Moslems from facts furnished by missionaries who have travelled and lived among these primitive people.")
Hodgetts, Edward Arthur Brayley. Round About Armenia; the Record of a Journey across the Balkans through Turkey, the Caucasus and Persia. London: Sampson Low, Marston and Company, 1916, 296p. Originally published in 1896.
Karapetian, E. Sasun. Erevan, 1962.
Katsuni, Arshak. Verjin tesut`iwn (Last look). 1905, 32p.
Koutcharian, Gerayer. Der Siedlungsraum der Armenier unter dem Einfulss der historisch-politischen Ereignisse seit dem Berliner Kongress 1878: eine politisch-geographische Analyse und Dokumentation. Berlin: D. Reimer, 1989, pp. 98-100.
Leveyre, Maurice [Pierre Quillard]. "Les massacres de Sasounkh." Revue de Paris 15 (Sept.-Oct. 1895): 73-91.
Poghosyan, Haykaz Manuki. Sasuni patmut`yun (1750-1918) (History of Sasun, 1750-1918). Erevan: Hayastan, 1985, 356p.
Quillard, Pierre. "Les massacres à Zeitoun et au Sassoun." Pages Libres (July 19, 1902).
Ruben [Ruben Ter Minassian]. Hay heghap`okhakani mu hishataknere (Memoirs of an Armenian revolutionary). Vol. 3. Beirut: Librarie Hamaskaïne, 1974, pp. 103-116.
Sebouh. Drvagner Sasuni krivneren (Stories from the fighting of Sasun). Constantinople, 1910.
T`aroyan, G. Zhoghovrtakan sharzhumnere Sasunum, 1890-1894 (Popular movements in Sasun, 1890-1894). Erevan, 1966.
Tepoyan, P. H. Mihran Damadian (1863-1945). Cairo, 1956.
T`orosyan, Kniaz. Zhoghovrdakan sharzhumnere Sasunum. Erevan: Hayastan, 1966, 169p.
Williams, Augustine Warner and M. S. Gabrielian. Bleeding Armenia: Its History of Horrors. [Chicago]: Publishers' Union, 1896, pp. 303-340.
Segherd
[Tchobanian, Archag]. Les massacres d'Arménie: Témoignages des victimes. 3e éd. Paris: Édition du Mercure de France, 1896, pp. 82-83.Sivas
"340 Armenians Massacred." London Daily Telegraph (July 21, 1896): 7.Filian, George H. Armenia and Her People, or the Story of Armenia by an Armenian. Hartford, CT: American Publishing Co., 1896, pp. 275-279.
Martin, Edwin W. The Hubbards of Sivas: A Chronicle of Love and Faith. Santa Barbara: Fithian Press, 1991, pp. 243-255.
[Tchobanian, Archag]. Les massacres d'Arménie: Témoignages des victimes. 3e éd. Paris: Édition du Mercure de France, 1896, pp. 222-226.
Suveydiye
Karikian, E. Druagner Suetioy heghapokhutian patmutenen (Stories from the revolutionary history of Swedia). Paris: Abaka, 1921, 48p.Taron
Taronets`i, Aghan. Harazat patmut`iwn Taronoy (True history of Daron). 1962, 676p.Tokat
"The Disturbances in Asia Minor. Murderous Attacks on Armenians." London Daily Telegraph (Apr. 11, 1895): 5."The Massacre at Tokat: Consular Report." London Daily Telegraph (Apr. 9, 1897): 7.
"The Tokat Massacre: 700 Armenians Killed." London Daily Telegraph (Mar. 29, 1897): 7.
Trebizond
"Armenian Reforms: Assent of the Sultan; Disturbances in the Lebanon." London Daily Telegraph (Oct. 18, 1895): 5."Constantinople." London Daily Telegraph (Oct. 15, 1895): 7.
"Constantinople: The Sultan and the British Fleet; Churches Surrounded by Police; Massacre of Armenians at Trebizond." London Daily Telegraph (Oct. 10, 1895): 7.
"Terrible Massacres in Asia Minor: Armenian Appeal to Russia." London Daily Telegraph (Nov. 5, 1895): 5.
Bliss, Edwin Munsell. Turkey and the Armenian Atrocities: A Reign of Terror. From Tartar Huts to Constantinople Palaces. Centuries of Oppression--Moslem and Christian--Sultan and Patriarch--Broken Pledges Followed by Massacre and Outrage. n.p.: Edgewood Publishing; New York: Hibbard & Young, 1896 (Reprinted, Fresno: Meshag Publishing, 1982), pp. 406-426.
Filian, George H. Armenia and Her People, or the Story of Armenia by an Armenian. Hartford, CT: American Publishing Co., 1896, pp. 300-302.
[Tchobanian, Archag]. Les massacres d'Arménie: Témoignages des victimes. 3e éd. Paris: Édition du Mercure de France, 1896, pp. 21-32.
Williams, Augustine Warner and M. S. Gabrielian. Bleeding Armenia: Its History of Horrors. [Chicago]: Publishers' Union, 1896, pp. 341-359.
Urfa
"A Dreadful Massacre." London Daily Telegraph (Jan. 18, 1896): 5."The Urfa Massacres: A Fearful Holocaust." London Daily Telegraph (May 19, 1896): 7.
Bliss, Edwin Munsell. Turkey and the Armenian Atrocities: A Reign of Terror. From Tartar Huts to Constantinople Palaces. Centuries of Oppression--Moslem and Christian--Sultan and Patriarch--Broken Pledges Followed by Massacre and Outrage. n.p.: Edgewood Publishing; New York: Hibbard & Young, 1896 (Reprinted, Fresno: Meshag Publishing, 1982), pp. 447-473.
Contenson, L. de. Chrétiens et Musulmans. Paris, 1901, pp. 57-62.
Filian, George H. Armenia and Her People, or the Story of Armenia by an Armenian. Hartford, CT: American Publishing Co., 1896, pp. 294-296.
Greene, Frederick Davis. Armenian Massacres or the Sword of Mohammed, Containing a Complete and Thrilling Account of the Terrible Atrocities and Wholesale Murders Committed in Armenia by Mohammedan Fanatics, Including a Full Account of the Turkish People, Their History, Government, Manners, Customs and Strange Religious Belief, to Which Is Added the Mohammedan Reign of Terror in Armenia. Edited by Henry Davenport Northrop. [Philadelphia]: American Oxford Publishing Co., 1896, pp. 340-344.
Pierce, James Wilson, ed. The Story of Turkey and Armenia with a Full and Accurate Account of the Recent Massacres Written by an Eye Witness. A Sketch of Clara Barton and the Red Cross. Baltimore: R. H. Woodward, 1896, pp. 470-471.
[Tchobanian, Archag]. Les massacres d'Arménie: Témoignages des victimes. 3e éd. Paris: Édition du Mercure de France, 1896, pp. 238-258.
Van/Vaspurakan
"Another Outbreak at Van." London Daily Telegraph (June 25, 1896): 5.Hishatakaran nuiruats 1896-i ew 1915-i Vaspurakani herosamartnerun (Memorial to the 1896 and 1915 heroic wars of Vaspurakan). [Teaneck, NJ]: Hratarakutiwn Hama-Vasp. Hayrenaktsakan Miut`ian, 1945, 350p.
"Outrages in Armenia." London Daily Telegraph (Dec. 17, 1894): 5.
Hovannissian, R. "Vani 1896 tuwi inknabashdbanutiwne" (The self-defense of Van in 1896). Lraper (July 1976).
Kimball, G. N. "Massacres at Van; excerpt." Review of Reviews 14, no. 4 (Oct. 1896): 468-469.
------. "Dr. Kimball and her Relief Work at Van." American Review (1896).
Kimball, Grace W. "An American Heroine in the Heart of Armenia; Relief Work at Van." Review of Reviews 13, no. 4 (Apr. 1896): 444-449.
Poghosian, H. M. Vaspurakani patmutyuwnits (1850-1900) (From the history of Vaspurakan). Erevan: Haykakan SSH GA Hratarakchutyuwn, 1988.
Sahakyan, E., and L. Mkrtjyan. "Ink`napashtpanakan krivnere Vanum" (The self-defence fighting in Van). Banber Erevani Hamalsarani 25, no. 1 (1975): 48-53.
[Tchobanian, Archag]. Les massacres d'Arménie: Témoignages des victimes. 3e éd. Paris: Édition du Mercure de France, 1896, pp. 90-102.
Williams, Augustine Warner and M. S. Gabrielian. Bleeding Armenia: Its History of Horrors. [Chicago]: Publishers' Union, 1896, pp. 360-382.
Zeitun
"Affairs at Zeitun." London Daily Telegraph (Feb. 12, 1896): 7."Armenia and the Powers." London Daily Telegraph (Dec. 25, 1895): 6.
"The Defense of Zeitun." Review of Reviews 13, no. 5 (May 1896): 523-524.
"Massacre of Turks." London Daily Telegraph (Dec. 21, 1895): 5.
"Peace at Zeitun." London Daily Telegraph (Feb. 13, 1896): 3.
"The Situation in Armenia." London Daily Telegraph (Dec. 24, 1895): 5.
"Submission of Zeitun: Terrible Sufferings." London Daily Telegraph (Feb. 24, 1896): 5.
"Turkey and Armenia" London Daily Telegraph (Dec. 31, 1895): 3.
"Turkey and Armenia: The Fall of Zeitun." London Daily Telegraph (Dec. 27, 1895): 5.
"Turkey and Armenia: The Fall of Zeitun." London Daily Telegraph (Dec. 28, 1895): 3.
"Turkey and Armenia: The Fate of Zeitun; Russia's Influence; Mr. Gladstone and Lord Roseberry." London Daily Telegraph (Dec. 30, 1895): 5.
"The Turkish Empire: Distress at Zeitun." London Daily Telegraph (Feb. 25, 1896): 7.
Zeyt`uni patmakirk` (Zeitun yearbook). Buenos Aires, 1960.
Aghasi. Zeitun ev ir shrjakanere (Zeitun and its district). Beirut: Union Compatriotique de Hadjin, 1968, 414p.
Aghassi. Zeitoun, depuis les origines jusqu'à l'insurrection de 1895. Trad. de l'arménien par Archag Tchobanian. Paris: Mercure de France, 1897, 318p.
Antéorte, Chavarche [Archag Tchobanian]. "Les héros de Zeïtoun." La Revue des Revues (Mar. 15, 1896): 501-511.
Poghosyan, H.M. Zeyt`uni patmut`yune 1409-1921 t`t`. (History of Zeitun). Erevan: Hayastan, 1969, 457p.
Eliot, Charles. Turkey in Europe. 2nd ed. London: Edward Arnold. Reprinted London: Frank Cass, 1965, p. 409.
Filian, George H. Armenia and Her People, or the Story of Armenia by an Armenian. Hartford, CT: American Publishing Co., 1896, pp. 311-313.
Kalstyan, K. Marash kam Kermanik ew heros Zeyt`un (Marash or Kermanig and heroic Zeitun). New York, 1934.
Latino, Anatolio. Gli Armeni e Zeitun (The Armenians and Zeitun). 2 vols. Firenze: B. Seeber, 1897; Seconda Edizione con molte illustratzioni e due carte geografiche, 2 vols. Firenze: B. Seeber, 1899.
Lusinian, Nurhan. "Zeytuni tjakatamarte"(The battle of Zeytun). In Hisnameak 1887-1937 Sots. Demokrat Hunchakian Kusaktsut`ian. Providence: Soc. Dem. Hunchakian Kus. Kedr. Varchut`iun, 1938, pp. 134-146.
Melik`set`yan, V. Zeyt`uni herosamartere (The heroic wars of Zeitun). Erevan, 1960.
Mundy, Talcott. The Eye of Zeitoun. New York: McKinlay, Stone, and Mackenzie, 1920.
Nazarbek, Avetis. "Zeitun." Contemporary Review 69 (Apr. 1896): 513-528.
Pierce, James Wilson, ed. The Story of Turkey and Armenia with a Full and Accurate Account of the Recent Massacres Written by an Eye Witness. A Sketch of Clara Barton and the Red Cross. Baltimore: R. H. Woodward, 1896, pp. 474-477.
Quillard, Pierre. "Les massacres à Zeitoun et au Sassoun." Pages Libres (July 19, 1902).
Sykes, Mark. Dar-ul-Islam: A Record of a Journey Through Ten of the Asiatic Provinces of Turkey. London: Bickers & Son; New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1904, pp. 72-78.
Williams, Augustine Warner and M. S. Gabrielian. Bleeding Armenia: Its History of Horrors. [Chicago]: Publishers' Union, 1896, pp. 383-399.
Zeidner, R. F. "Britain and the Launching of the Armenian Question." International Journal of Middle East Studies 7, no. 4 (1976): 465-483.
Zeyt`unts`i [M Semerjian]. Zeyt`uni ants`yalen u nerkayen, mas 1-2 (From the past and present of Zeitun). Paris, 1903.
5. The Policies of the Great Powers
America
"America's Duty to Americans in Turkey." Review of Reviews 14, no. 4 (Oct. 1896): 469."American Policy towards Turkey." Review of Reviews 13, no. 5 (May 1896): 523-524.
"Americans and Armenians." London Spectator 76 (Feb. 1, 1896): 156.
"Armenian Indemnity Claims." Cyclopedic Review of Current History 10, no. 4 (June 1900): 337-338.
"Armenian Indemnity Claims." Cyclopedic Review of Current History 10, no. 5 (July 1900): 428-429.
"Armenian Indemnity Claims." Cyclopedic Review of Current History 10, no. 11 ( Jan. 1901): 986-987.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1893, 1894, 1895.
"General European Situation - Turkey." Cyclopedic Review of Current History 10, no. 1 (Mar. 1900): 42-43.
"James Bryce on the Armenian Question." Review of Reviews 12, no. 5 (Nov. 1895): 587-589.
"Other International Affairs." Cyclopedic Review of Current History 8, no. 3 (July-Sept. 1898): 634.
"The Sufferings of Armenia." Review of Reviews 11, no. 2 (Feb. 1895): 138-140.
"Text of the Speech of the Honorable Elijah A. Morse, United States Representative from the Commonwealth of Massachussetts, before the House January 27, 1896." Armenian Review 30, no. 4-120 (Win. 1977-1978): 415-421.
"Turkey." Cyclopedic Review of Current History 9, no. 2 (Apr.-July 1899): 462.
"Turkey, Greece, and the Powers." Cyclopedic Review of Current History 8, no. 1 (Jan.-Mar. 1898): 78-88.
Bryson, Thomas A. "The United States and the Armenian Question, 1894-1927: An Historiographical Appraisal." Journal of Armenian Studies (NAASR) 2, no. 1 (1985): 47-62.
Dennis, Alfred L. P. Adventures in American Diplomacy: 1896-1906. New York: Dutton, 1928, 537p. See Ch. 17, "Americans in Turkey," pp. 447-471.
Gordon, Leland J. American Relations with Turkey, 1830-1930: An Economic Interpretation. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1932, 402p.
Grabill, Joseph L. Protestant Diplomacy and the Near East: Missionary Influence on American Policy, 1810-1927. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1971, 395p.
Hamlin, Cyrus. "America's Duty to Americans in Turkey." North American Review 163 (Sept. 1896): 276-281.
Havenmeyer, John C. The Relation of the United States to Armenia. An Open Letter to the President from John C. Havenmeyer. Yonkers, NY, 1896, 15p. Reprinted from the New York Times.
Mangasarian, M.M. "Armenia's Impending Doom: Our Duty." Forum 21 (June 1896): 449-459.
Merguerian, Barbara J. "The American Response to the 1895 Massacres." Journal of Armenian Studies 4, No. 1 & 2 (1992): 53-83.
Papazian, Dennis R. "The Changing American View of the Armenian Question: An Interpretation." Armenian Review 39, no. 4-156 (1986): 47-72.
Wheeler, Everett P. The Duty of the United States of America to American Citizens in Turkey. New York: F. H. Revell, 1896.
Austria
Giesl, Baron Wladimir. Zwei Jahrzehnte im Nahen Orient (Two decades in the Near East). Berlin, 1927.MacColl, Malcom. The Sultan and the Powers. London: Longmans Green, 1896, 308p.
------. Le Sultan et les Grandes Puissances. Traduit de l'anglais par Jean Longuet. Paris: Félix Alcan, 1899, 247p.
Europe in General
"Armenia and the Powers from Behind the Scenes." Contemporary Review 69 (May 1896): 628-643.La Question arménienne et l'intervention européenne. Paris: Padone, 1896.
"Rumours About Turkey; Demands of European Governments." London Spectator 77 (Dec. 12, 1896): 846-847.
"The Sufferings of Armenia." Review of Reviews 11, no. 2 (Feb. 1895): 138-140.
Anderson, M. S. The Eastern Question 1774-1923: A Study in International Relations. London: Macmillan, 1966 (repr. with corrections 1968), 436p.
Babighian, B. L'Armenia e la politica delle grandi potenze. Padova: Tip. Del Seminario, 1921.
Bellegotti, L. A. Il concerto Europeo e la questione Armena. Pisa: Mariotti, 1899, 40p.
Coulbault, Paul. Les massacres d'Arménie et le rôle des Puissances européennes. Angers, 1899.
Dadrian, Vahakn N. The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus. Providence, Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1995, 452p.
Frapan, Else. Die armenische Frage und das europaïsche Gewissen (The Armenian Question and the European conscience). Genf, 1903, 32p.
Khrostov, V. "Blizhny-Vostochnyy krizis 1895-97 gg." (The Near East crisis, 1895-97). Istorik Marksist 13 (1929): 19-54.
Kurginian, E. A. "Evropeiskaia diplomatiia i armianskii vopros v 90-kh godakh XIX veka" (European diplomacy and the Armenian Question in the last decade of the 19th century). Uchenye Zapiski. Moscow: Min-vo Prosv. RSFSR Moskowskii Obp. Ped. In-t Im. H.K. Krupskoi. Vol. 191, Istoriia SSSR, Vyp. 9, 1968, 197-224.
Marriot, J. A. R. The Eastern Question in European Diplomacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1917, 600p.
Pinon, René. L'Europe et l'Empire ottoman. Les aspects actuels de la Question d'Orient. 7e éd. Paris: Perrin et Cie., 1913, 603p. See especially pp. 309-363.
Sarkissian, Arshag Ohan. "Concert Diplomacy and the Armenians, 1890-1897." In A.O. Sarkissian, ed., Studies in Diplomatic History and Historiography in Honour of G.P. Gooch. London: Longman's, 1961, pp. 48-75.
Sidari, F. La Questione Armena nella politica delle Grandi Potenze, dalla chiusiura del Congresso di Berlino del 1878 al trattato di Losanna del 1923. Padova: Scienze Politiche dell'Università, 1962, 322p.
Société Franco-Arménienne. "La Question arménienne et l'Europe." Mercure de France (1896).
Tyler, Mason Whiting. The European Powers and the Near East, 1875-1908. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1925, 234p. Research Publications of the University of Minnesota. Minnesota Studies in the Social Sciences, Number 17. See especially Ch. IX, "The Armenian and Cretan Crises of the 1890's," 143-171.
France
"Armenian Policy of France." London Spectator 77 (Nov. 7, 1896): 633-634."French Policy in Armenia." London Daily Telegraph (Nov. 4, 1896): 8.
"Les massacres d'Arménie." Cahiers de la Quinzaine 9 (1899): 449-471. Discussion in the French Chamber of Deputies, November 3, 1896.
Arslan, Emin. "Les affaires d'Orient." Revue Blanche 11 (1896): 239-240.
Cambon, P. "Lettres de Turquie [1893-1898]." Revue de Paris (May-June 1936): 757-783.
Charmetant, Félix. "Le parlement français et les massacres d'Arménie." La Terre Sainte, 22 (1896).
------. Le Livre Jaune et la Question d'Orient. Paris: F. Levé, 1897, 16p.
Eubank, Keith. Paul Cambon: Master Diplomatist. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1960, 221p.
Lavisse, Ernest. "Notre politique orientale, I." Revue de Paris 13 (May 1897): 274-311; "Notre politique orientale, II." Revue de Paris 13 (June 1897): 872-914.
Quillard, Pierre, et Louis Margery. La question d'Orient et la politique personnelle de M. Hanotaux. Paris: P.-V. Stock, 1897.
Zürrer, Werner. Die Nahostpolitik Frankreichs und Russlands, 1891-1898 (The Near East politics of France and Russia, 1891-1898). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1970, 524p.
Germany
"Constantinople: German Ambassador on the Armenians." London Daily Telegraph (Oct. 5, 1896): 7."Diplomatische Aktenstücke zur armenischen Frage" (Diplomatic records on the Armenian Question). Der Christliche Orient (1897): 66-73, 173-175.
German Diplomatic Documents, 1871-1914. Selected and translated by E. T. S. Dugdale. Vol. 2. London: Methuen, 1929. See especially "Historical Preface," pp. xiv-xvii; Ch. 8, "The Armenian Question," pp. 109-114; Ch. 16, "The Armenian Question, 1893-5," pp. 211-235; Ch. 23, "Lord Salisbury and the Future of Turkey. July to October, 1895," pp. 327-347; and Ch. 24, "The Armenian Failure. September, 1895, to January, 1897," pp. 348-364.
La politique extérieure de l'Allemagne 1870-1914. Documents officiels publiés par le Ministère allemand des Affaires Étrangères, vols. 9, 10, 11. Paris: Alfred Costes, 1930-1931.
Amicus Patriae. Armenien und Kreta. Eine Lebensfrage für Deutschland (Armenia and Crete. A vital masster for Germany). Braunschweig: Reuter, 1896.
Erusalemskii, A. C. Vneshniaia politika i diplomatiia germanskogo imperializma v kontze XIX veka (The foreign policy and diplomacy of German imperialism in the late 19th century). Moscow, Leningrad: Izd-vo Akademii Nauk SSSR, 1948, 768p.
Frauendienst, Werner. "Zur orientalischen Frage. Ein diplomatischer Schriftwechsel" (On the Eastern Question. A diplomatic exchange of corresponence). Berliner Monatschefte 20 (Aug. 1942): 368-381.
Gaulis, Georges. "Les Allemandes à Constantinople, I." Revue de Paris (Mar.-Apr. 1898): 327-352; "Les Allemandes à Constantinople, II," Revue de Paris (Mar.-Apr. 1898): 659-680.
Lepsius, Johannes, Albrecht Mendelssohn Bartholdy, and Friederich Thimme, eds. Die Grosse Politik der Europaïschen Kabinette, 1871-1914: Sammlung der Diplomatischen Akten des Auswärtigen Amtes. Band 9: Der nahe und der ferne Osten. Band 10: Das türkische Problem 1895 (The great politics of European cabinets, 1871-1914: Collection of diplomatic acts of the Foreign Office. Volume 9: The Near and Far East. Volume 10: The Turkish problem 1895). Berlin: Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft für Politik und Geschichte, 1924.
MacColl, Malcom. The Sultan and the Powers. London: Longmans Green, 1896, 308p.
------. Le Sultan et les Grandes Puissances. Traduit de l'anglais par Jean Longuet. Paris: Félix Alcan, 1899, 247p.
Melik-Karakozov, G. Vystuplenie Germanii v Turtsii posle velikikh armianskikh pogromov 1895-97 godov (Germany's cooperation with Turkey after the large-scale Armenian pogroms of 1895-97). Tiflis: V. Kiladze, 1915, 26p.
Meyer, Enno, and Ara J. Berkian. Zwischen Rhein und Arax: Neunhundert Jahre deutsch-armenische Beziehungen (Between Rhine and Arax: Nine hundred years of German-Armenian relations). Oldenberg: Heinz Holzberg Verlag, 1988, 216p.
Raab, Alfons. Die Politik Deutschlands im Nahen Orient, 1878-1908 (German politics in the Near East, 1878-1908). Vienna, 1936.
Rohrbach, Paul, and E. Härle. "Weiteres zur Armenierfrage. Deutsche Politik und Tatsachen. Das moralische Urteil in Deutschland" (Follow-up on the Armenian Question. German politics and documentary report. The moral verdict in Germany). Christliche Welt 11 (1898).
Saupp, Norbert. Das Deutsche Reich und die Armenische Frage, 1878-1914 (Germany and the Armenian Question, 1878-1914). Köln: N. Soupp, 1989, 231 + 16p.
Schöllgen, G. Imperialismus und Gleichgewicht. Deutschland, England und die Orientalische Frage 1871-1914 (Imperialism and balance. Germany, England and the Eastern Question 1871-1914). Munich, 1984.
Sinin, A. S. Ekspansiia Germanii na Blizhnem Vostoke v kontse XIX veka (The Expansion of Germany in the Near East at the end of the 19th century). Moscow: Nauka, 1971, 258p.
Stepanyan, Stepan Simbatovich. Armeniia v politike Imperialisticheskoi Germanii (konets XIX - nachalo XX veka) (Armenia in the politics of Imperial Germany from the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century). Erevan: Hayastan, 1975, 242p.
Stillman, W. J. "Germany and the Armenians." Nation 68 (May 11, 1899): 351-352.
Zhamkoch`ian, Beniamin K. Patmut`iwn Mamiwret`iwl Azizi german orbanots`nere (History of Mamiwretiwl Aziz German orphanage). Beirut: G. Doniguian, 1973, 445p.
Great Britain
"About the World: Mr. Gladstone and Armenia." Scribner's Magazine 20, no. 6 (Dec. 1896): 786-787."Agitation Against Turkey; Is War Inevitable?" London Spectator 77 (Sept. 19, 1896): 356-358.
L'Angleterre et les arméniens (1839-1904). S-Gravenhage: M. Van der Beek Hofboekhandel, 1918, 48p.
"The Anglo-Turkish Convention." Review of Reviews 14, no. 5 (Nov. 1896): 593-594.
"Armenia and the Powers." Review of Reviews 12, no. 1 (July 1895): 18.
"The Armenian Atrocities." Review of Reviews 11, no. 5 (May 1895): 509.
"The Armenian Horror." Review of Reviews 12, no. 3 (Sept. 1895): 269.
"The Armenian Question." Review of Reviews 12, no. 4 (Oct. 1895): 403.
"The Armenian Question." London Spectator 75 (July 27, 1895): 105.
"The Atrocities in Armenia." Review of Reviews 12, no. 3 (Sept. 1895): 331-333.
Betrayal of Armenia: A Reply to Lord Salisbury. Documentary and Historical Evidence of England's Responsibility for the Horrors Inflicted by the Turks on the Armenian People. Manchester, 1896.
"The Eastern Question." Blackwood's Magazine 160 (Dec. 1896): 847-858.
"How Lord Salisbury Hoped To Save Armenia." Review of Reviews 13, no. 6 (June 1896): 716-717.
"Lord Rosebery's Deliverance." London Spectator 77 (Oct. 17, 1895): 504.
"Lord Salisbury and Armenia." London Spectator 76 (Feb. 8, 1896): 193.
"Lord Salisbury and Armenia." Nation 61 (Aug. 15, 1895).
"Lord Salisbury in Turkey." London Spectator 75 (Dec. 7, 1895): 808.
"Mr. Gladstone on Armenia." London Spectator 75 (Aug. 10, 1895): 164.
"The Opening Session." Blackwood's Magazine 159 (Mar. 1896): 471-482.
"Our Duty in Armenia." London Spectator 74 (May 25, 1895): 709.
"Our Failure in Turkey." London Spectator 75 (Dec. 14, 1895): 844.
"Our Obligations to Armenia." Macmillan's Magazine 71 (1895): 340-345.
"What Shall Be Done with Turkey?" Review of Reviews 14, no. 5 (Nov. 1896): 594-597.
Amin, Muhammad. Die armensichen Greuel und die englische Humanität (The Armenian horror and English humanity). Würzburg, 1895, 14p.
Argyll, Duke of [George Douglas Campbell]. Documentary and Historical Evidence of England's Responsibility for the Horrors Inflicted upon the Armenian People. Manchester: Manchester Guardian, 1896, 16p.
------. Our Responsibilities for Turkey. Facts and Memories of Forty Years. London: John Murray, 1896, 176p.
------. Otvetstvennost Anglii v vostochnom voprose. Fakti i vospominaniia za sorok let (Our responsibilities for Turkey. Facts and memories of forty years). Perevod M.K. Brianchaninovoi. Predislovie F.F. Martensa. St. Petersburg: Tip. A. Benka, 1908, 180p.
Arutiunian, G. "Angliia i armianskii vopros v seredine 90-kh godov XIX veka"(England and the Armenian Question in the middle of the 90's of the 19th Century). Novaia i noveishaia istoriia no. 6 (1959): 82-97.
Barker, J. Ellis. "The Problem of Asiatic Turkey." The Nineteenth Century and After (June 1916). Reprinted in his The Great Problems of British Statesmanship. London: John Murray, 1917, pp. 55-104.
Bayramyan, Levon Artemi. Arevmtyan Hayastane angliakan imperializmi plannerum: XIX dari verjin karordum (Western Armenia in the plans of English imperialism: the last quarter of the 19th century). Erevan: Hayastan Hratarakchutyun, 1982, 288p.
Bayramyan, Levon Artemi. "Haykakan hartse ev anglian 1890-akan t`t`." (The Armenian question and England in the 1890's). Patma-Banasirakan Handes no. 1 (1979): 24-33.
Boisson, A. L'agitation anglo-arménienne. Paris: J. Manin, 1896, 15p.
Claden, P. W. Armenia: The Case against Lord Salisbury. London, 1897, 24p.
Dillon, E. J. "The Fiasco in Armenia." Fortnightly Review 65 ns59, (Mar. 1896): 341-358.
Diplomaticus. "Lord Roseberry's Second Thoughts." Fortnightly Review 60 (1896): 615-625.
------. "Lord Salisbury and the Eastern Question." Fortnightly Review 61 (Mar. 1897): 456-466.
A Diplomatist. "The Armenian Question." New Review 12 (1895): 62-66.
Douglas, Roy. "Britain and the Armenian Question, 1894-1897." Historical Journal 19, no. 1 (1976): 113-133.
Englehardt, E. L'Angleterre et la Russie à propos de la Question arménienne. Bruxelles et Leipzig: Muquardt, 1883.
Grenville, J. A. S. Lord Salisbury and Foreign Policy: The Close of the Nineteenth Century. London: Athlone Press, 1964, 451p.
Gulesian, M. H. "England's Hand in Turkish Massacres." Arena 17 (Jan. 1897): 271-282.
Gulham-us-Saqlain. "The Mussalmans of India and the Armenian Question." Nineteenth Century 37 (June 1895): 926-939.
Kedourie, Elie. "Minorities." In Elie Kedourie, The Chatham House Version and Other Middle-Eastern Studies. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1970, pp. 286-316, 443-450.
Kirakosian, Arman Dzhonovich. Velikobritaniia i armianskii vopros 90-e gody XIX veka (Great Britain and the Armenian Question in the 1890's). Erevan: Hayastan, 1990, 240p.
Jefferson, Margaret M. "Lord Salisbury and the Eastern Question, 1890-1898." Slavonic and East European Review 39, no. 92 (Dec. 1960): 44-60.
------. "Lord Salisbury's Conversations with the Tsar at Balmoral, 27 and 29 September, 1896." Slavonic and East European Review 39, no. 92 (Dec. 1960).
Kennedy, A. Salisbury, 1830-1903. Portrait of a Statesman. London, 1953.
Lang, R. Hamilton. "The Present Government in Turkey. Its Crimes and Remedy." Blackwood's Magazine 162 (July 1897): 17-27.
MacColl, Malcom. "Armenia and the Transvaal." Fortnightly Review 59 (1896): 313-329.
------. England's Responsibility towards Armenia. Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged. London: Longmans Green, and Co., 1895, 72p.
------. The Sultan and the Powers. London: Longmans Green, 1896, 308p.
------. Le Sultan et les Grandes Puissances. Traduit de l'anglais par Jean Longuet. Paris: Félix Alcan, 1899, 247p.
------. "Turkey or Russia?" Fortnightly Review 58 (Dec. 1895): 943-958.
Magnus, Philip M. Gladstone: A Biography. London, 1954, 482p.
Marsh, Peter. "Lord Salisbury and the Ottoman Massacres." Journal of British Studies 11, no. 2 (May 1972): 63-83.
Medlicott, William Norton. "Lord Salisbury and Turkey." History 12, no. 47 (Oct. 1927): 244-247.
Nassibian, Akaby. Britain and the Armenian Question, 1915-1923. London: Croom Helm; New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984. (See Chapter 1, "Introduction: Britain and the Armenian Question on the Eve of the First World War," pp. 1-32.)
Ogden, R., and G. Hunt. "Lord Salisbury and Armenia." Nation 61 (Aug. 15, 1895): 110-111.
Papadopoulos, G. S. England and the Near East, 1896-1898. Thessaloniki: Institute for Balkan Studies, 1969, 300p.
Perris, G. H. The Eastern Crisis of 1897 and the British Policy in the Near East. London, 1897.
Preller, Hugo. Salisbury und die türkische Frage im Jahre 1895: Eine Einzeluntersuchung zur Geschichte der deutsch-englischen Beziehungen der Vorkriegszeit (Sailsbury and the Turkish Question in 1895: A detailed analysis of German-English relations in the pre-war era). Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 1930, 114p.
Russell, George W. E. "Armenia and the Forward Movement." Contemporary Review 71 (Jan. 1897): 21-29.
------. Malcom MacColl. London, 1914.
Salt, Jeremy. "Britain, the Armenian Question and the Course of Ottoman Reform: 1894-1896." Middle Eastern Studies 26 (July 1990): 308-328.
------. Imperialism, Evangelism, and the Ottoman Armenians 1878-1896, London: Frank Cass, 1993, 188p.
Samardzhiev, Bozhidar. Armenskiiat Vupros i Angliia (1894-1897) (The Armenian Question and England, 1894-1897). Sofiia: Universitetsko Izdatelstvo "Sv. Kliment Okhridski," 1994, 216p.
Somakian, Manoug J. Empires in Conflict: Armenia and the Great Powers, 1895-1920. London: I.B. Tauris, 1995, 276p.
Stride, W. K. "The Immediate Future of Armenia." Forum 22 (Nov. 1896): 308-320.
Taylor, Robert G. Lord Salisbury. London: Lane, 1975, 202p.
Temperley, Harold. "British Policy towards Parliamentary Rule and Constitutionalism in Turkey, 1830-1914." Cambridge Historical Journal 4 (1933): 156-191.
Temperley, Harold, and Lillian M. Penson. Foundations of British Foreign Policy from Pitt (1792) to Salisbury (1902). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1938, 573p.
W. "The Two Eastern Questions." Fortnightly Review 59 (Feb. 1896): 193-208.
Walker, Christopher J. "Britain as World Policeman." Journal of Armenian Studies 4, No. 1 & 2 (1992): 85-96.
Watson, William. The Purple East. A Series of Sonnets on England's Desertion of Armenia. London: J. Cape; Chicago: Stone & Kimball, 1896, 48p.
------. The Year of Shame. London: J. Lane, 1897, 75p.
Wilson, Keith M. "Constantinople or Cairo: Lord Salisbury and the Partition of the Ottoman Empire 1886-1897." In Keith M. Wilson, ed. Imperialism and Nationalism in the Middle East: The Anglo-Egyptian Experience 1882-1982. London: Mansell, 1983, pp. 26-55.
Zeidner, R. F. "Britain and the Launching of the Armenian Question." International Journal of Middle East Studies 7, no. 4 (1976): 465-483.
Italy
Crispi, Francesco. The Memoirs of Francesco Crispi. Translated by Mary Prichard-Agnetti from the Documents Collected and Edited by Thomas Palamenghi-Crispi. 3 vols. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1912-1914. See especially volume 3, chapter 9.------. Die Memorien Francesco Crispi (The memoirs of Francesco Crispi). Erinnerungen und Dokumente, hrsg. Von T. Palamenghi-Crispi. Deutsch von W. Wichmann-Rom. Berlin: F. Fontane, 1912.
------. Politica estera; memoire e documenti raccolti e ordinati da T. Palamenghi-Crispi. Milan: Fratelli Treves, 1914.
Russia
"The Czar's Visit." London Spectator 77 (Sept. 26, 1896)."James Bryce on the Armenian Question." Review of Reviews 12, no. 5 (Nov. 1895): 587-589.
"The Policy of Russia in Turkey." London Spectator 76 (Feb. 22, 1896): 262-263.
"Russia and the Armenian Intervention." Review of Reviews 13, no. 4 (Apr. 1896): 395-396.
Englehardt, E. L'Angleterre et la Russie à propos de la Question arménienne. Bruxelles et Leipzig: Muquardt, 1883.
Georgiev, V. A., N. S. Kiniapina, M. T. Panchenkova, and V. E. Sheremet. Vostochnyi Vopros vo Vneshnei Politike Rossii (konets XVIII-nachalo XX vv.) (The Eastern Question in Russian foreign politics from the end of the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century). Moscow, 1978.
Hodgetts, E. A. B. "Armenia." Nineteenth Century 3 (1895): 405-412.
Hyvernat, Henry. "Armenia, Past and Present." Catholic World 62, no. 369 (Dec. 1895): 312-326.
MacColl, Malcom. The Sultan and the Powers. London: Longmans Green, 1896, 308p.
------. Le Sultan et les Grandes Puissances. Traduit de l'anglais par Jean Longuet. Paris: Félix Alcan, 1899, 247p.
Novikoff, Olga. "The Religious Basis of Russian Policy." Nineteenth Century 38 (Dec. 1895): 1001-1007.
Rohrbach, Paul. "Aus Turan und Armenien. Studie zur russischen Weltpolitik" (Out of Turkey and Armenia. Study of Russian World Politics). Preussiche Jahrbücher 89 (1897): 53-82, 256-284, 431-469; Band 90: 101-132, 280-310, 437-485.
------. In Turan und Armenien auf den Pfaden russischer Weltpolitik (In Turkey and Armenia in the path of Russian world politics). Berlin: Verlag von Georg Stilte, 1898, 256p.
Somakian, Manoug J. Empires in Conflict: Armenia and the Great Powers, 1895-1920. London: I.B. Tauris, 1995, 276p.
Zürrer, Werner. Die Nahostpolitik Frankreichs und Russlands, 1891-1898 (The Near East politics of France and Russia, 1891-1898). Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz, 1970, 524p.
Turkey
"Other International Affairs." Cyclopedic Review of Current History 8, no. 3 (July-Sept. 1898): 634.Ahmad, Rafiüddin. "How the Sultan Can Save His Empire." Nineteenth Century 38 (Dec. 1895): 1008-1014.
Bérard, Victor. La politique du Sultan. 4e éd. Paris: A. Colin, 1900, 361p.